There's been several threads about the impact of climbing on the biology/ecology of cliffs over the years so thought a link to a newly published review might be of interest. Seems dominated by studies in the USA & doesn't seem to include any studies from the UK, maybe not unconnected they note "The majority of studies have been conducted on single-pitch sport climbs, leaving gaps in how bouldering, multi-pitch, and traditional style climbing impact vegetation"
Boggess LM, Harrison GR, Bishop G. (2021) Impacts of rock climbing on cliff vegetation: A review and best practices. Appl Veg Sci. 2021; 24:e12583.
https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/avsc.12583?af=R
(I don't think its 'open access')
