In reply to gingerkate: psychology is a pretty broad field even when you don't count overlaps into sociology on one end and neurology on the other
it only really tends to come up at work where i'm in either an educational or some sort of work / organisational setting so people are usually cued up not to think about it in terms of individual counselling-type stuff still less human/(other)animals terms
having said that i've been doing stuff on analysing langauge recently and there's a very funky and
very reliable thing you can watch out for:
conversational 'turns' often work in pairs (question-answer, invitation-acceptance' and so on)
those pairs have what they call a 'preference structure' - that is the 2nd of the pair had a normatively preferred response - not what the respondent 'prefers' as an individual by the way, a peference built into the way the langauge works irrespective of who's using it
so:
"isn't it a nice day?" - "yes, lovely"
"would you like a cup of tea" - "yes please"
when conversation follows the structure it flows rapidly - there will be no gap at all between the two turns - they might well overlap in fact
but if someone's goig to 'break the rules' they have to do a lot more work - the pattern is pretty reliable
"would you like a cup of tea? " - <pause (0.5-1sec but it is noticeable> "ummm (or similar - a marker)" <pause> "no thanks, i've just had one" (the excuse)
so, pause - marker - excuse
keep an eye/ear out for it
when you get bored with that try a few experiments to see how people react when you break the rules - especialy with refusals - if someone invites you round to dinner say "no thanks" politely but miss out the excuse - it makes this sort of big gap in the interaction - very often they'll supply the excuse for you
i should probably do some work eh
although this practically is my work now :¬)