In reply to Postmanpat:
> (In reply to HATTSTER)
> [...]
>
> You've also fallen hook line and sinker for the prevailing propoganda on passive smoking.
I still haven't seen your critical appraisal of the evidence.
Recent update (chopped as it's long), which I assume you will have read.
On the 24 March, the tobacco advisory group of the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) in England published its report on passive smoking and children. The report details the effects of exposure to secondhand smoke in children and includes a chapter on associated costs, a consideration of ethical problems, and a review of potential strategies to tackle the problem.1
The report attests to the substantial expansion of research on the health effects of passive smoking and the measurement of harmful exposure.1 We now know that no level of exposure is safe; that exposure to passive smoke in childhood is strongly associated with a range of respiratory effects and serious diseases, including sudden infant death syndrome; and that exposure is a likely cause of brain tumours, leukaemia, and meningitis in children.1 2 3 However, the report excludes established late effects of in utero, childhood, and adolescent exposure including reductions in the fertility of female offspring,4 and breast cancer in premenopausal adult women.2 5 In fact, evidence is mounting that non-smokers exposed as children are at risk of a range of adult onset diseases.
With increasingly comprehensive restrictions in public spaces, both indoors and out, we are beginning to tackle protection in children’s home environments—homes, multi-unit dwellings, and family vehicles. The arguments for increasing protection for children in these spaces are strong. The home is the major source of exposure, children are more vulnerable than adults, and restrictions in homes reduce the likelihood that adolescents will start to smoke and progress to regular smoking.6
Smoking in enclosed spaces persists over time, and the hazard increases when nicotine residues react with ambient nitrous acid, found indoors and in vehicles, to form potent carcinogens.7 Heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, are also deposited on furniture, carpets, and clothing, so infants and children continue to be exposed when active smoking has ceased.8 Limiting smoking to outdoors can reduce indoor exposure considerably, but outdoor exposures can be substantial,9 and residues are carried back inside on hands and clothing.
Smoking in multi-unit dwellings is increasingly under threat as non-smoking tenants demand smoke-free environments and landlords become aware of the business case for smoke-free buildings. Bans on smoking in publicly funded multi-unit housing are planned or implemented in several communities........... [edited]
References
1. Tobacco Advisory Group of the Royal College of Physicians. Report on passive smoking and children. RCP, 2010.
2. California Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed identification of environmental tobacco smoke as a toxic air contaminant. State of California Air Resources Board, Appendix III, Part B Health Effects, 2005. www.arb.ca.gov/regact/ets2006/app3exe.pdf.
3. US Department of Health and Human Services. The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the surgeon general. 2006. www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/secondhandsmoke/.
4. Cooper AR, Moley KH. Maternal tobacco use and its preimplantation effects on fertility: more reasons to stop smoking. Semin Reprod Med 2008;26:204-12.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
5. Collishaw NE, Boyd NF, Cantor KP, Hammond SK. Johnson KC, Millar J, et al. Canadian expert panel on tobacco smoke and breast cancer risk. 2009. www.otru.org/pdf/special/expert_panel_tobacco_breast_cancer.pdf.
6. Wakefield MA, Chaloupka FJ, Kaufman NJ, Orleans C T, Barker DC, Ruel EE. Effect of restrictions on smoking at home, at school, and in public places on teenage smoking: cross sectional study. BMJ 2000;321:333-7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Sleiman M, Gundel LA, Pankow JF, Jacob P 3rd, Singer BC, Destaillats H. Atmospheric chemistry special feature: formations of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1010; Published online 8 February.
8. Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Hovell MF, Bernert JT, Song S, Novianti N, et al. Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures. Tob Control 2004;13:29-37.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Klepeis NE, Ott WR, Switzer P. Real-time measurement of outdoor tobacco smoke particles. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 2007;57:522-34.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]